International border searches Essay Example for Free

International border searches Essay It is recognized that it is paramount to the U. S. to protect and preserve the integrity of its borders. This involves a constant balancing by the authorities between trade and commerce on one hand and terrorist activities, contraband and illegal immigrants on the other hand. By reason of this, security operations involve border searches and seizures which necessarily have implications on the Fourth Amendment (Vina, 2005). The Fourth Amendment ensures and protects the people from unreasonable searches and seizures and provides, â€Å"â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (U. S. Constitution, Fourth Amendment). The Fourth Amendment is to ensure that the powers of the federal government are not arbitrarily used against its citizens. Legally, â€Å"reasonableness† is required as one to be determined by a judge for the issuance of a search warrant. The judge is said to be independent and impartial as to determine the existence of probable cause so that the police can make the search or arrest [Katz v. U. S. , 347, 357 (1967)]. A violation of the Fourth Amendment will result in the exclusion or suppression of whatever evidence may be gathered pursuant to the exclusionary rule enunciated by the Court in the case of Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643 (1961). There are however, exceptions established when reasonableness and warrant requirement are relaxed and therefore â€Å"probable cause is not invariably required either† (Vernonia School Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U. S. 646, 653 (1995). This occurs when the interests of the public require more protection than those of private interests. One of these established exceptions to the warrant and probable cause requirement is border search [Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U. S. 523 (1967)]. Discussion Border search is defined in the case of United States v. Ramsey as â€Å"that searches made at the border, pursuant to the longstanding right of the sovereign to protect itself by stopping and examining persons and property crossing into this country, are reasonable simply by virtue of the fact that they occur at the border, should, by now, require no extended demonstration (431 U. S. 606 (1977)). This does not require a warrant, probable cause or reasonable suspicion (Onecle web site, 2005). The exception of border search is provided for under the United States Code specifically in Chapter 19, subsections 482 and 1582. This exception is premised on the duty of the state to protect its citizens, regulate trade and commerce and enforces immigration laws, thus, authorizing routine stops for searches at the border [U. S. v. Ramsey, 431 U. S. 606 (1977)]. There are two types of border search, namely routine and non-routine (Vina, 2005). In the case of U. S. v. Johnson, the Court explained that routine search include a search without any suspicion and entails very limited invasion of privacy (991 F 2d. 1287, 1291 7th Cir. 1993). This may include a dog sniff of the person, a search and inspection of belongings, luggage and car (Vina, 2005). The non-routine search includes more intrusive methods and is conducted when the authorities have suspicion that there is alimentary canal smuggling. The search may consist of â€Å"destructive searches of inanimate objects, prolonged detentions, strip searches, body cavity searches, and some x-ray examinations† (Vina, 2005). Body cavity searches include searches in cavities such as â€Å"vagina, rectum, or the use of emetics† [Vina, 2005 citing United States v. Ogberaha, 771 F. 2d 655, 657 (2d Cir. 1985) (vagina); United State v. Pino, 729 F. 2d 1357, 1358 (11 th Cir. 1984) (rectum); United States v. Briones, 423 F. 2d 742, 743 (5 th Cir. 1970) (emetics)]. The law requires that ‘reasonable suspicion’ consists in particular and specific facts which a logical person can infer from a wrong doing (U. S. v. Montoya de Hernandez (1985), 473 U. S. 531). There are also instances when border searches are allowed to extend beyond the border, in the following cases, namely: â€Å"(1) the government officials have reasonable certainty or a â€Å"high degree of probability† that a border was crossed; (2) they also have reasonable certainty that no change in the object of the search has occurred between the time of the border crossing and the search; and (3) they have â€Å"reasonable suspicion† that criminal activity was occurring† (U. S. v. Teng Yang (2002), 286 F. 3d. 940). These three requisites must exist and concur to render legal and constitutional, the extended border search by ensuring a â€Å"significant nexus with a border crossing† by the suspect (Vina, 2005). Most often the routine searches give rise to non-routine searches such as for instance where undeclared precious stones are found inside the pocket of the suspect, this resulted into reasonable suspicion thus giving rise to the conduct of non-routine search of strip searches. This yielded an envelope of narcotics (U. S. v. Flores, (1973) 477 F. 2d 608). Conclusion The U. S. government embarked on enhancing border security technologies and operations by reason of the September 11 terrorist attack. Intercepting and aborting terrorist attacks and smuggling of contraband were overstressed. Pieces of legislation are being drafted to harness further training in detection of false or falsified documents, pilot programs are launched for â€Å"surveillance technologies, biometric entry and exit data system and enhanced training of border officials (Vina, 2005). Volunteer programs were also set up to assist in observing and reporting of the movement of illegal aliens such as those launched in Arizona in 2005. This is a â€Å"citizens’ neighborhood watch’ program called the Minuteman Project. References Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U. S. 523 (1967) Katz v. U. S. , 347, 357 (1967) Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643 (1961). Onecle Web site 2005 â€Å" Border searches† Retrieved on October 25, 2007, from http://law. onecle. com/constitution/amendment-04/18-border-searches. html United States Code, Chapter 19, subsections 482 and 1582 U. S. Constitution, Fourth Amendment Vernonia School Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U. S. 646, 653 (1995). Vina, S. 2005, Protecting our perimeter:† border searches† under the Fourth amendment CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved on October 25, 2007, from http://www. fas. org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL31826. pdf. United States v. Briones, 423 F. 2d 742, 743 (5 th Cir. 1970) U. S. v. Flores, (1973) 477 F. 2d 608). U. S. v. Johnson, 991 F 2d. 1287, 1291 7th Cir. 1993). U. S. v. Montoya de Hernandez (1985), 473 U. S. 531 United States v. Ogberaha, 771 F. 2d 655, 657 (2d Cir. 1985) (vagina) United States v. Pino, 729 F. 2d 1357, 1358 (11 th Cir. 1984) (rectum); U. S. v. Ramsey, 431 U. S. 606 (1977)]. U. S. v. Teng Yang (2002), 286 F. 3d. 940.

Balance Of Power :: essays research papers

The Balance of Power Throughout the semester, a theme that has guided our thoughts has been the idea that the self is the capacity to have capacities. Through what we have read, written about, and discussed, we have been trying to come up with our own answers to the questions about the self; what a capacity is, how we find them, which ones are essential to human flourishing, what we do with them once they are found? Yet all of these questions lead us to answer that final and defining question of "what is the 'truth'?" A capacity is a capability or a realized power in a person. Some of the authors that we read throughout the semester believed that these capacities must be implanted into us, and then nurtured and trained. C.S. Lewis says that, "The task of the modern educator is not to cut down jungles, but to irrigate deserts."(1-p.27) However, in this statement he contradicts his own belief. In order for irrigation to work and make things grow, there must be something there beneath the surface to begin with. This is exactly my belief. I agree with Lewis that our capacities must be trained and educated, but those that are essential to human flourishing are inside our hearts waiting to be uncovered. But how then, do we go about uncovering these capacities? The answer is so simple, and yet far to complex to completely explain in one paper. It takes thought. In fact, thought is the best example of a capacity. No one can teach thought. It is an innate quality of all human beings. However, thought is not complete in its original state. We must train and educate our ability to think. We can train it to be analytical, critical, evidential, logical, careful, clear, subjective, objective, etc. The list could go on and on. We can 'irrigate' it and watch it grow. But that is assuming that it is there in the first place. Kierkegaard was on the right track to uncovering what is inside of us. He believed that it would take subjective thought about ourselves, not being detached from our feelings, but letting our emotions be our guide to what we truly believe. However, subjective thinking alone cannot decipher what capacities are essential to our lives. It gives us a place to start from with what really matters to us in our hearts, but it is clouded by our biases and prejudgements.

Nokia Market Analysis

The roots of Nokia go back to the year 1865 with the establishment of a forestry industry enterprise in South-Western Finland by mining engineer Fredrick Idestam. While in the year 1898, witnessed the foundation of Finnish Rubber Works Ltd, and in 1912, Finnish Cable Works began operations. Gradually, the ownership of this two companies and Nokia began to shift into hands of just a few owners. Finally, these three companies were merged to form Nokia Corporation in 1967. [1] Nokia Corporation engages in the manufacture of mobile devices and mobile network equipment, as well as in the provision of related solutions and services worldwide. The company has four main business functions or segments: Mobile Phones, Multimedia, Enterprise Solutions, and Networks. The Mobile Phones segment provides various mobile voice and data devices. This segment offers mobile phones and devices based on GSM/EDGE, 3G/WCDMA, and CDMA cellular technologies. The Multimedia segment offers mobile devices and applications with multimedia connectivity over GSM, 3G/WCDMA, WLAM etc. Strategic Management of Nokia The External Analysis examines opportunities and threats that exist in the environment and I will be discussing the fallowing. . P. E. S. T Analysis 2. Porter’s Five Forces/Market Trends 3. Types of Market 1. P. E. S. T Analysis: PEST identifies the political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors that of which directly affect a company. In this case Nokia. Political – As markets are deregulated, both operators and manufacturers are free to act independently of government intervention. In Countries like India and China where Partial regulations exist, government intervention does take place. Economic – With incomes rising, people have more disposable income, which enables consumers to be more selective with their choice of mobile phone, looking to other factors rather than fulfilling the most basic of user needs (text messaging and phone calls) and price being such a key factor. Social – The rise of the so-called information society has made telecommunications increasingly more important to consumers, both in terms of work and leisure. Users are more aware of mobile phone handset choice and advancements due to increased information availability. Strategic Management of Nokia Technological – There have been much global advancement in technology such as MMS, Bluetooth, WAP, GSM, GPRS, cameras etc. The Asian markets are more technologically advanced than their European counterparts, for example in 2002, just 4% of phones had cameras, whereas in Asia 90% did. It uses concepts developed in Industrial Organization (IO) economics to derive five forces which determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. It consists of fallowing factors. Power of New Entrants:In any market arrival of a new product is not always welcomed. In mobiles world it’s not different a mobile phone or an online service is launched by Nokia it has as 50 percent chance of success. It’s like the launch of Nokia’s N95 Smartphone which was much appreciated by buyers then the launch of N96 Smartphone. Power of Buyers:Due to recent down fall in the economy, the demand of consumers buying new mobiles has come to a halt. Due to which companies everywhere are thinking of strategies to increase the demand of their products. Strategic Management of Nokia Threat of Substitute:There are substitute for everything out in the world. So goes for the mobile, and the services provided by Nokia but the problem lies in consumers switching to the substitute. The main reason is that most people don’t like to change to something new because they might find it hard to use or switch over. Power of Suppliers:If the suppliers change the price then company in this case Nokia has a direct impact on the pricing of their products. If there are more suppliers then it is easy to change from one to another if the first one is not able to provide the services a company needs. Competitive Rivalry:Business is good where there are competitors because it gives more chance to improve and go ahead of your rivals. Nokia keep their product catalogs up-to-date and keep looking for better technologies to update its mobile and services. 3. Types of Market : There are different types of markets on which a company makes strategies to fallow and consider before releasing products. Which are discussed as below. Monopoly:Nokia as a mobile manufacturer has dominated mobiles market with its high end N-series Smartphone to its low end mobiles. It was Nokia’s intentional strategy to keep ahead with the technology to keep customers interested in its products. Duopoly:It’s a market state when two companies dominate the market. In this market Nokia is challenging HUAWEI technologies in producing 3G technology dongles because at present time there is no other company in the world expect Huawei producing 3G dongles. Oligopoly:It’s a type of market where small numbers of companies in the market collude to take control of the market prices and products. In Nokia’s case it is colluding with Sony Ericsson and Samsung to make phones which use Nokia’s mobile operating system (Symbian S60). This eliminates the use of Window’s mobile operating system and newly introduced Google’s operating system Android. Perfect Competition:It’s a market where all Companies are on a same level. Nokia as a leading manufacturer still have Samsung, Sony Ericsson, Motorola, and LG give a tough competition with products ranging from every low end user to high end tech loving customer. Internal analysis : Strategic Management of Nokia â€Å"It’s a management technique developed by Bruce Henderson for Boston Consulting Group in 1970 for assessing the long-term viability or profitability of products and market sectors. Categories include cash cows, dogs, stars, problem child or a question mark companies. †[1] Problem Child/Question mark:When a new product is launched in a promising market but it has a low market share but got potential to be a Star then a Cash cow or if everything fails it could become a Dog. In Nokia’s case its latest product from N-series Smartphone N96 is struggling to get the market share like its predecessor N95 Smartphone. Cash Cow: When a certain product’s market matures and its demand slows but it has a large market share is known as Cash Cow. Nokia has many products that reached their maturity and died away in recent days its high end Smartphone N95 reached its market demand and is slowly dying away because new technology is introduced every day. Star:It’s a new product when launched has a high market response and its sales rise. Companies like Nokia are in a search of new products which can be turned into stars and they invest money in Problem Child and Dogs to turn them in to a Star and then hope to turn them in to Cash Cow. Dog:A Dog is a product new or old market shares and sales decline very fast. In mobile industry technology changes very drastically so even a Star with bad strategy and marketing can be turned in to a Dog just as easy Strategic Management of Nokia Core competencies are activities and process performed by a company to keep ahead of the market and its competitors. â€Å"Business professors Bateman and Snell offer this answer: Simply stated, core competence is something a company does especially well relative to its competitors. †[4] Competencies of a company are things that are hard to imitate like customer loyalty etc. These Core Competencies change from time to time. In today’s market where every company is in a lose Nokia is thinking of new ways to get an edge on its competitors by introducing new services and products that are harder to imitate and trying to give most for consumers money. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: 1. Nokia has largest network of distribution and selling as compared to other mobile phone company in the world. 2. The financial aspect is very strong in case of Nokia as it has many more profitable businesses. 3. The product being user friendly and have all the accessories one want. 4. Nokia with wide range of products for all classes. . The re-sell value of Nokia phones are high compared to other company’s product. Weakness: 1. Some of the products are not user friendly. 2. Some of the weakness includes the price of the product offered by the company. 3. Nokia does not like to adopt change very quickly. 4. The service canters in third world countries are very few. Opportunity: 1. Nokia is also thinking of moving from mobile manufacture to personal computer manufacture. 2. As the standard of living in third world countries has increased the purchasing power of the people has increased as well 3. Nokia has to target right customer at right time to gain the most out of the situation. Threats: 1. The threats like emerging of other mobile companies in the market. 2. The new mobile operating systems from Google and Microsoft. 3. The biggest threat is not adopting new technology and putting in good use. 9 Conclusion: After writing this article I came to a conclusion that in any business successful or a newly established if not managed well and cannot take advantage of its opportunities can come to its knees. So for a business to run successfully have to man age its Competitors and threats that may affect the performance of a business.

Accounting and Managerial Finance Free Essay Example, 3500 words

This is because it stands for the extra return that is needed for investing in stocks more than investing in risk free assets. Beta An indirect quantifier that a compares the systematic risk linked with a company’s stocks with the systematic risk of the entire capital market. Additionally, beta has been defined as the index of responsiveness of the returns of a company’s stocks against the returns of the entire market. A beta value of one for a company reflects a systematic risk with the stock, and is the similar to the systematic risk of the entire capita market. The value of beta is arrived through the application of capital asset pricing model on regression analysis to evaluate the return on stocks with that of the capital market. Pratt and Grabowski (2008) asserted that the beta from shares is the standards of the stock’s market risk, plus a standard to the level of which the stock’s returns move relative to that of the market. Stowe, Robinson, and Pinto (2008)Â  provided a restrictive relationship between beta and realized returns by dividing periods of positive and negative mar ket excess return, and in their report, they realized there is a significantly positive correlation between the realized returns and beta when their excess returns in the market is non-positive. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting and Managerial Finance or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The calculation of the cost of capital applicable in very many situations, especially in investment appraisal is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), though this is only applied when a company is involved in a project that is similar to their normal activities. When a company then diversifies, and operates in a business that is significantly different from the present operations, then the capital pricing asset model must be applied ahead of the WACC, and is so that the financial risk of the company, that the beta shall be considered is removed. The capital asset pricing model is a method that is used in the calculation of the required return on investment based on the appraisal of the risk. Pratt and Grabowski (2008) have pointed out that the capital asset pricing model is used in estimating the cost of the retained earnings. To consider the application of the capital asset pricing model in the financial system, the risk free rate of return, which is the yield on short gover nment debt, shall change and this depends on the country’s capital market that is being taken into consideration. The consideration of Henkel A. G implies that for which the maturity and treasury rate is sufficient for its valuation.

Standards For Optimal Quality Care For Child Development...

Quiz #5 Essay In order to set the standards for optimal quality care for child development centers, the NAEYC accreditation system was created. The NAEYC accreditation system is a system that â€Å"assesses the quality of early childhood education programs and helps families make the right choice for their children† (Berns, 2016, p. 172). NAEYC Before NAEYC existed, there was no national standard of quality care that child-care programs could base their foundation on. As a result, NAEYC took the lead and set their own criteria in 1984 by publishing a statement on criteria for high quality early childhood development programs (Berns, 2016). This criteria covers the â€Å"physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development of the children and†¦show more content†¦The second standard requires centers to â€Å"implement a curriculum that fosters all areas of child development-cognitive, emotional, language, physical, and social† (Berns, 2016, p. 172). This is important because children should be learning and fostering their various aspects of development through a curriculum that is directed for that purpose. In child-development centers, this can be seen when activities are planned around a child’s interest so they can further explore and experiment on the topic. The third standard emphasizes on t he use of â€Å"developmentally, culturally, and linguistically appropriate and effective teaching approaches† (Berns, 2016, p. 172). I believe this is important because each child has different backgrounds, interests, and skills so there should be different teaching methods implemented to help each child learn. This can be seen in child-care centers make adjustments to activities and materials to accommodate for the children’s skills and level of development. The fourth standard states that centers should â€Å"provide ongoing assessments of child progress† (Berns, 2016, p. 172). This is vital because teachers and parents are able to observe how children progress developmentally and physically as the years pass. This can be seen in child care centers when teachers make checklists and observations of children’s behaviors and skills. The fifth element requires thatShow MoreRelatedWhen Adults Take Responsibility For Healthy And Safe Environments879 Words   |  4 Pageshealth and safety determines the quality standards of an early childhood education and care program. The NAEYC Early Childhood Program Standards (Health Standards 5 A-C) and the NACCP’s Components of NAC Accreditation Standards Health and Safety Standards (F1-8) provides guidelines that ensure consistent health and safety practices within early childhood programs. This short composition will compare and contrast the NAEYC and NACCP standards, discuss how the standards impact children’s social/emotionalRead MoreDevelopment Of Quality Literacy Programs For Children And Parents1091 Words   |  5 Pagesexperts in health, child development, and mental health. The main focus is on the development of infants and toddlers. The main goal of this organization is to guarantee that all babies and toddlers are given a strong start in life. Promoting an understanding about key issues that affect young children and their families. Key issues include infant mental heal th, child care, early language and literacy development, early intervention and the impact culture has on early childhood development (About Us, 2016)Read MoreThe Black And White Infant Mortality Gap Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pagestest the effect of prenatal care, social support, and allostatic load on African American birth outcomes as well as possible solutions for such, I propose a plan which borrows aspects of a life-course approach. At the center of my experiment is a randomized controlled trial (RCT), which is a study in which people are allocated at random to receive one of several clinical interventions. One of these interventions is the treatment, and the other intervention is the standard of comparison or control.Read More Single Parenting in Canada Essay1776 Words   |  8 PagesCanadas child care policy has always been a topic of heated debate. Presently, Canada is one of the only developed countries worldwide that does not have plan in place for nation wide child care (Hurtig, 2002). Howe Covell (2007) state that Canada has failed to make progress toward a system of universal high quality early learning and child care or even toward establishing widespread access to high quality programs (p.47). According to Campaign 2000, early childhood education programs areRead MoreEffective Schools1726 Words   |  7 Pagestogether to meet their goals† (p. 181). The components listed were the staff and faculty members of a school, the physical building of the school itself and surrounding areas, and the curriculum. The characteristics of an effective school such as its optimal size, good leadership, high collective efficacy in teachers, teachers involving students in learning activities and lessons, frequent assessment of students by teachers and continual feedback from teachers to students, safe and orderly environmentRead MoreA Family Business1570 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Three-Dimensional Developmental Model the evolutionary stage of deve lopment for the company is as follows: working together (as Lucious and Melissa work hand-in-hand to ensure success of the business), controlling owner (as the founders remain in the governing seats), and professionalization. The core competencies of Alpha Academy, as described by Lucious, lie in their success with creating a safe and reliable child care system that parents know and trust. Lucious credits a few unique capabilitiesRead MorePublic Health School Nurse Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pagesa Healthier Community Elizabeth Ann Gonzalez Holmes Community College: Nursing II School Nursing Leads to a Healthier Community According to the National Center for Education Statistics there will be approximately 50.7 million students enrolled in the public-school system in the United States of America for fall of 2017 (National Center for Education Statistics, 2017). With childhood illnesses on the rise the need for public health school nurses are increasing, and the responsibilities are changingRead MoreWhat Is an Optimal Level of Health Care2279 Words   |  10 PagesOptimal Model for Health Care Stephanie Fontes ECON 402—Wednesday’s Class Due Date: November 2nd, 2011 What is an optimal model for health care? This is a highly debated issue internationally. 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COVERING LETTER: This Assignment is regarding: †¢ Health care Financing †¢ Outpatient services and Primary care services †¢ InpatientRead MoreHuman Resource Development in Pakistan6755 Words   |  28 PagesTHE CHALLENGES OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN Dr. Nasim Ashraf Abstract This paper explores the challenges posed in the area of human development in Pakistan. Pakistan has made little progress in key indicators of human development - education and health - due to years of neglect in policy making and implementation issues. Based on available data, it is highlighted that despite achieving a respectable growth rate, Pakistan has not been able to reduce poverty as other nations have

Eliot s The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock - 1051 Words

Many may wonder what, if any, significant differences and similarities one could find in a poem and a song that was composed almost 100 years apart. At first sight, nothing, but after one has analyzed all the elements, in turns out to be more than it may have first appeared. In T.S. Eliot’s The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, we read the ramblings of a middle aged man who loathes himself and never takes any risk in his life. In contrast, Garth Brook’s Standing Outside the Fire, is more about inspiring others to take those risk otherwise one is not really living. With many decades between the two, we see many different poetic devices especially with one being simply a song and the other a poem. As well as, a difference in the authors styles and life. Although, even if the works are unique in their poetic ways with only slight similarities, both explore taking chances or risk in life and the consequences of not taking any. First, there is a difference at the very beginning, in the titles. T.S. Eliot’s title is very misleading. It prepares one for a â€Å"Love Song,† but instead gives them the confusing rambles of a lonely man (Eliot). â€Å"Love Song† in the title for the poem is nothing more, but ironic (Eliot). While in Brook’s Standing Outside the Fire, is a metaphor for what the entire song is about. He’s saying when one stands outside the figurative â€Å"fire,† they are not really living their life to the fullest (Brooks). Thus, he is setting the listener up for what the entire songShow MoreRelatedEliot s The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloped sense of anxiety over what others will think or the rest of society will decide that they must do something to deal with this individual’s status. The characters of Homer in William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and Prufrock in T.S. Eliot’s â₠¬Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† are both portrayed as cultural outsiders. Although the reason that they are seen as cultural outsiders is different, neither one of the characters is truly accepted by the rest of the societies that they live in. ThereforeRead MoreEliot s The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock1777 Words   |  8 Pagestaken directly from the primary readings. Early 20th-Century Poetry: Analyze and describe the character T.S. Eliot creates in â€Å"Prufrock.† What aspects of early twentieth-century society does the speaker of T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† represent? â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† by T.S. Eliot is a poem about a man who is extremely insecure with himself. Prufrock, the main character, obviously has major insecurity issues especially when it comes to women. He is very awkwardRead MoreThe Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock, By T. S. Eliot927 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† by T. S. Eliot is an internal monologue set in 20th century England. The speaker of this poem, Prufrock, is an unhappy, middle aged man in great distress. The poem begins with Prufrock at a rich, upscale party, leads to the Red Light District, and ultimately ends at the beach. Prufrock is in great distress for a number a reasons. He is enduring a personal Hell or labyrinth. Prufrock has an abundance of time on his hands and is suffering from dreadful boredomRead MoreEliot s The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock1330 Words   |  6 PagesT.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† focuses on the estranged Prufrock, who attempts to gather courage to declare his love. With Prufrock’s constant hesitation and frequent digressions from his main subject, Eliot writes an atypical love poem. The awkward diction and melancholy tone written in the stream-of-consciousness style, however, is actually highly appr opriate for the modernist style. Modernism arose during the early 1900s as a result of the fast-paced life and innovation thatRead MoreThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is a Poem Written by T. S. Eliot1058 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† is a poem written by T. S. Eliot in 1911. Prufrock is a fictional character with the poets intended audience being fictional as well. In this poem, Eliot uses multiple forms and meters in this monologue, rhyming couplets that have a song like quality while other lines are more like a free verse with no regular meter. Along with blank verse, the poet uses iambic meter which is also used by one of Eliot’s favorite authors, Shakespeare. This poem dramatizesRead MoreAnalysis Of. Eliot s Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock967 Words   |  4 PagesIn T.S. Eliot’s Love song of J. Alfred Prufrock, Prufrock invites the reader on a journey with him through his story of love, or love that never was. He speaks to the reader as his love l ost and asks her to stick with him on his journey through time, to learn why their love never transpired. He begins by showing her his decisions as a young adult, optimistic and confident in time, to prepare for her. Time goes by, he is now middle aged and insecure of his appearance, now in fear of her rejectionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock1386 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Love Song of T.S Eliot† In â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† the reader can clearly understand that T.S Eliot is straightforward as one can get within a poem. In the beginning of the poem, one can infer that Prufrock is being used as a facade to convey Eliot’s inner self who is an introvert that doesn’t quite fit in with the modern day society. â€Å"Prufrock† sees his personal life as a burden that he cannot mend while he tries to conform into the middle class society that everyone views asRead More T.S Eliot’s Preludes and The Love Song of J.Alfred. Prufrock, are examples1059 Words   |  5 PagesT.S Eliot’s Preludes and The Love Song of J.Alfred. Prufrock, are examples of modernist poetry which illustrate the concerns of modernist poets. Explain how the poetry you have studied reflects some of the major concerns of its context? In your answer refer closely to two poems by T.S. Eliot. T.S Eliot’s Preludes and The Love Song of J.Alfred. Prufrock, are examples of modernist poetry which illustrate the concerns of modernist poets. The modern era, which lasted between 1885 to 1940Read MoreThe Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock1647 Words   |  7 Pagesseen in T.S. Eliot’s work The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. The main character, Prufrock, plans to ask the woman he loves the overwhelming question of marriage, but due to his pessimistic outlook, he became hesitant and self conscious. Surges of insecurity arise, and instead of proposing his love, Prufrock delays the question and spends the night talking nonsense to avoid the situation. In the end, Prufrock’s insecurities and fear of rejection alter his feelings of love into a sense of emotional protectionRead MoreThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The dramatic monologue â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock was written by Thomas Stearns Eliot and published in June of 1915. Eliot was born in St Louis, Missouri on September 26, 1888, where he grew up and lived until the age of eighteen. After high school, Eliot studied at Harvard University in Cambridge, MA and the Sorbonne in Paris, France. Eventually, Eliot ended up in England where he married his wife Vivien and spent the remainder of his life

Business Ethics Optimistic Outlook

Question: Describe about the Business Ethics for Optimistic Outlook. Answer: Introduction Stem cells are significant for existing organisms for a number of reasons. For instance, in a 3 to 5day old embryo, the internal cells usually give rise to the complete body of the organism, with the inclusion of all of the numerous specialized cell types and organs such as skin, sperm, eggs, heart, lungs, and other tissues (Green 2001, p.10). In some mature tissues such as brain and bone marrow, separate populations of mature stem cells tend to create replacements for cells that are misplaced through ordinary wear and tear, illness, or malady. Notably, scientists are currently using stem cells in the laboratory to screen novel drugs and to build up model systems to research normal development and determine the causes of birth flaws. Furthermore, stem cell research is now one of the most interesting fields of modern day biology, even though it increases scientific questions as quickly as it generates novel discoveries. Literature Review Recently, a number of researchers and authors have had an optimistic outlook on stem cell research and how it profits the community. One of the main advantages is that it has the ability to regenerate significant tissues in a persons body such as the skin and blood vessels. As a result, many people are helped especially those suffering from illnesses such as cancer, car crash victims and the elderly (Leeb, Jurger Keener 2001, p.15). A stem cell research was carried out on a young boy by a scientist named Anthony Atala. Taking strong cells from the boy who had a busted bladder, Atala fed the cells with numerous nutrients and proteins. He also allowed the cells to multiply and develop. Atala then took these recently created cells, positioned them into a recyclable skin (collagen) balloon and allowed the cells to take outline of a bladder (La Madeleine 2005, p.20). This new bladder was then placed back into the little boy, enabling him to be well once again. It was also observed that the transference of genes to the nucleus of fully developed cells via a virus tends to allow that cell to transform into various other cells which are similar to the embryonic stem cells. This particular experiment is seen as a positive advancement since it is able to replace embryonic stem cells that are being utilized to avoid legal concerns and ethical issues. Interestingly, the experiment does not go against religious beliefs to assist others. It is important for Company ABC to note that there are those who look at stem cell research in a negative manner, raising religious, moral, safety and ethical concerns (Hall 2001, p.22). Stem cells appear to be present in various other tissues than researchers had previously thought. Company ABC would also like to gain more information on the potential for further international spread of the Zika virus. This virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is currently the focus of ongoing public health and pandemic emerg ency (Brown 2006, p.27). The Zika virus was initially limited to sporadic cases in the African and Asian continents, but it soon showed up in Brazil and rapidly spread to other parts of the Americas. The Zika virus, pregnant women, unborn babies, and their relation to stem cell research. Despite progressive knowledge about the Zika virus, questions still remain regarding its vectors and reservoirs, possible synergistic influences of co-infection with other spreading viruses, pathogenesis, and genetic diversity. Recently, a team of Yale researchers observed that infection by this particular virus stops neural stem cells from dividing in the growing human brain thereby resulting in the birth flaw microcephaly (Jiang, Jahagirdar Keene 2002, p.30). The Zika virus diverts an important protein needed for neural stem cell division. Primary microcephaly is an outcome of the depletion of neural stem cells, the originator or progenitors of all cells found in the mature brain (DeCamp Sugarman 2004, p.35). Lately, researchers have discovered the existence of a novel form of neural stem cell referred to as Neuroepitehlital stem cells, or NES. These cells are derived from the initial populati on of neural stem cell found in the initial phases of brain growth. These populations then serve as the progenitor or stem cells for glia and neurons. They also provide scaffolding that help direct upcoming neurons to the correct position in the brain. Researchers have used these NES cells to recreate the brain disorders linked to the Zika virus in the laboratory (Steinbrook 2006, p.37). Company ABC has expressed its concerns over the Zika virus, focusing on pregnant women and unborn babies particularly since it causes brain abnormalities in growing fetuses. However, there are a few possibilities that stem cell research can be applied to prevent further international spread of the virus. In relation to pregnant women and unborn babies, scientists are today committing many exploration hours to management based on embryonic stem cells, distinguishing them from embryos into brain cells, and replacing destroyed or damaged tissues in the body. In a novel study in mice, it was observed that nature too has come up with its own solution. Apparently, when an expectant mouse suffers a heart attack, her fetus contributes some of its stem cells to aid in rebuilding the damaged heart tissue (Penning Steirtghem 2004, p.40). Pregnant mice which had heart attacks indicated 8 times as countless cells from the fetus in their hearts compared to mice which did not suffer any heart atta ck. Similarly, physicians have also observed that women who tend to experience weakness of the heart during pregnancy or immediately after giving birth have higher chances of recovery compared to other groups of heart failure patients. Before deciding on what type of stem cells to use for their gene therapy technique, Company ABC needs to understand the differences and similarities between adult and embryonic stem cells. Each of these stem cells has their unique pros and cons with regards to potential use for cell-oriented regenerative treatments. Notably, one main distinction between the two is their distinct aptitudes in the type and number of separated cell forms they can become (Curzer 2004, p.41). This is to say that while embryonic stem cells are capable of becoming all cell forms of the body because they are pluripotent, mature stem cells are somewhat limited to separating into various cell forms of their tissue of derivation (Kass 2002, p.48). In addition, embryonic stem cells can easily be developed in culture while adult stem cells are uncommon in fully developed tissue. Separating the adult cells from a mature tissue can be quite challenging, and techniques to spread their figures in cell culture have no t yet been deduced. Many scientists today believe that tissues drawn from embryonic and fully developed stem cells may differ in the possibility of being rejected soon after transplantation. Notably, the use of mature stem tissues and cells drawn from a patients own adult stem cells would mean that these cells are less liable to be rejected by the immune system (Holland, Lebacqz Zoloth 2001, p.51). This, therefore, is an advantage in itself. Theoretical Review (applicable theory or theories). There are a number of possible theories for Company ABC to consider when choosing the type of stem cells to use for their gene therapy method. Two of these theories are discussed below. Stem cell theory of aging This particular theory argues that the aging procedure is the outcome of the failure of numerous forms of stem cells to carry on reloading the tissues of a given being with useful differentiated cells able to maintain that tissues initial function (Green 2001, p.53). The quantity of stem cells in young individuals is very much high compared to that of older individuals. This in turn causes a better and more effective substitution method in these young adults compared to their older counterparts. According to this particular theory, aging is not a matter of failure to reload it following a decline in the number of stem cells. The number of stem cells reduces and tends to lose the capability to separate into lymphoid lineages, progenies, and myeloid lineages (Leeb, Jurger Keener 2001, p.54). With regards to curative use of stem cells and their capacity to refill tissues and organs, a number of challenges may be witnessed, for instance, the fact that dissimilar cells may have different life cycles even though they are drawn from similar stem cells. Additionally, constant attempt to restore the somatic cells may lead to fatigue of stem cells. A number of theories explaining the age-associated in peoples bodies have been explained and acknowledged. Recently, the stem cell premise of aging has gained much popularity with scientists and researchers. Current studies are starting to discover the processes involved in stem cell aging, specifically in adult skeletal muscle stem cells commonly referred to as satellite cells (La Madeleine 2005, p.57). Having the knowledge of age-oriented transformations of stem cells helps in comprehending the aging process itself while offering novel therapeutic challenges for improved tissue restoration. Despite the fact that accrued proof has indicated that alternations of stem cells take place in the course of aging, both extrinsic and intrinsic cellular factors in the maturing of adult stem cells are significant in age-associated phenomena (Hall 2001, p.60). Stem cell theory of cancer Interestingly, study has revealed that cancer cells are not at all similar in any way. This means that within the circulating cancerous cells of leukemia or a malignant tumor, there exist different forms of cells. The stem cell hypothesis of cancer suggests that amongst these cancerous cells, a few serve as stem cells that are able to replicate themselves and prolong the cancer (Brown 2006, p.66). Cancer cells that are not stem cells can bring about issues, but cannot maintain an attack on a persons body over the long term. The fact that this particular theory argues that cancer is mainly motivated by minor populations of stem cells has had significant implication. For instance, it implies that the cancer stem cells that bring about metastases can also be a store of cancer cells that would eventually cause a reversion after surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. The cancer stem cell theory is therefore focused on how cancers come about. Notably, it proposes that cancer stem cells are d erived out of ordinary stem cells or the originator cells that ordinary stem cells generate (Jiang, Jahagirdar Keene 2002, p.74). Some researchers argue that cancerous cells are similar to a distortion of ordinary cells which tend to show numerous similar characteristics as regular tissues, but are distorted in some way. If this is the case, then companies such as the ABC can use what they know about regular stem cells to spot and assault cancer stem cells as well as the nasty cells they create. Ethical issues in stem cell research. In the past few years, embryonic stem cell study has posed an ethical predicament, especially since it forces people to decide between two ethical principles. These principles are the obligation to eliminate or lessen suffering or the obligation to value the worth of human life (Evans 2005, p.). In the case of this kind of investigation, it is impossible to respect both of these moral philosophies. On the one hand, obtaining embryonic stem cells means early termination of the embryo and the destruction of a budding human life. Conversely, embryonic stem cell investigation could result in the unearthing of novel medical treatments that would lessen the anguish of numerous individuals (DeCamp Sugarman 2004, p.83). Companies using gene therapy techniques such as Company ABC should remember that the main purpose of ethics is to identify principles of right action that can direct them in thinking about what they may do, what they must do, and what th ey must refrain from doing. Although knowledge gained form the inherent sciences help researchers and scientists think through what they should do and be, they do not necessarily offer answers to their moral questions, nor offer any expertise for thinking about them. The question of the honorable position of the embryo is perhaps the most debated and the most significant of all claims. Proponents of embryonic stem cell exploration believe that the initial embryo lacks the features and properties that define human personhood and human being (Steinbrook 2006, p.85). Furthermore, this particular embryo does not have the appearance of a fully grown human being, and it cannot survive on its own. Most importantly, it is not yet self-aware. If viewed from this perspective, then the first embryo might be treated as any other piece of tissue. Contrarily, challengers of the stem cell research dispute that it is not only dangerous but wrong to suggest that a right to life and human dignity attach only to those human organisms that satisfy a given criteria (Penning Steirtghem 2004, p.94). Furthermore, majority of the disabled or sick individuals also tend to lack such capacities. Opponents also suggest that the standard position of both conventional and mod ern embryology states that a human life starts at the fertilization phase. For those who view the embryo as no more than a clump of cells, the main ethical concern with respect to stem cell research would be obtaining permission from embryo donors. On the other hand, those who see embryos as human beings are ethically concerned that the destruction of these embryos for stem cell study would be considered an infringement of the basic duty not to kill (Curzer 2004, p.95). Quantitative Research Method. The most suitable research method to be applied in this case study by Company ABC would be quantitative research method. This is because it is able to calculate the issue by generating numerical information or facts that can be changed into useable information (Kass 2002, p.97). Since the issue of stem cell research is somewhat controversial, using quantitative research method would mean the quantification of attitudes, opinions, actions and other defined variables while generalizing outcomes from a larger sample population. Company ABC can use quantitative research method to formulate facts regarding stem cell research and gene therapy technique, and uncover patterns in the research. Notably, information can be collected through online surveys, personal interviews, systematic observations, or questionnaires. Research Steps to ensure the research is ethical. There are certain steps that Company ABC should undertake in order to ensure that their research is ethical. First and foremost, it is important for the Company to understand the project and what is to be done. Secondly, the researchers need to have some knowledge on stem cell research and gene therapy technique. They should then come up with a search strategy where they will know what types of stem cells they will use and where they will source them from. The researchers should also adhere to any ethical and legal regulations required for a stem cell research and gene therapy technique (Holland, Lebacqz Zoloth 2001, p.98). Careful evaluation and follow-ups are necessary in the course of the research for future reference. If there are a few laboratory assistants who may have moral or ethical concerns regarding this approach, then the companys management should ensure that they explain the benefits of using stem cell research and the production of the gene therapy technique in the control of the development of microcephaly in unborn babies. They should also explain to these employees the benefits that such research will bring to pregnant women who have been infected with the Zika virus. Recommendations. Looking at what has been discussed above, it is clear that Company ABC needs to consider several factors before undertaking its gene therapy experiment for instance the type of stem cells to use and where to source them from. It is recommended that they use cell lines that by now exist as this is so far the most extensively acknowledged source of stem cells. This argument is also founded on the premise that what is done, is done. Even if collecting the embryos could initially be considered ethically controversial, nothing can be done to set aside the initial embryos from which the lines were formed (Green 2001, p.100). Company ABC should keep in mind that sourcing these stem cells bring in the legal requirements and the ethical view that will shift according to the organizational culture. A protocol should also be set up to formulate the research design and this can be done by having the research methodology and formatting reviewed by a professional. Conclusion Following the unique regenerative capabilities, stem cells tend to offer new opportunities for treatment of illnesses such as diabetes and heart diseases. Today, scientists are using stem cells in the lab to monitor latest drugs while at the same time build up model systems to research regular growth, and determine the causes of birth defects. With regards to stem cell research, Company ABC should consider how their ethical judgments connected to biomedical research will reflect on and fashion their character as individuals and as a community. Additionally, there is need for further research into how researchers and scientists can go about completely eliminating the Zika virus in pregnant women through stem cell research and gene therapy techniques. Those who wish to undertake such projects should consider the advantages and limitations associated with this particular approach in order to better improve the lives of individuals globally suffering from conditions and illnesses that ma y benefit from stem cell research. Reference List Brown, N 2006, Blood ties: Banking the stem cell promise, Technology Analysis Strategic Management 18(3/4), pp. 313 327. Curzer, H 2004, The ethics of embryonic stem cell research, J Med Philos 29(5), pp. 533 562. DeCamp, M Sugarman, J 2004, Ethics in behavioral genetics research, Accountability in Research 11(2), pp.27 47. Evans, B 2005, Heinemann biology 1, Harcourt, Port Melbourne, Vic. Green, RM 2001, The human embryo research debates: Bioethics in the vortex of controversy, Oxford University Press, New York. Hall, SS 2001, Adult stem cells, Technology Review 104(9), pp. 42. Holland, S, Lebacqz, K Zoloth, L eds. 2001, The human embryonic stem cell debate: Science, ethics, and public policy, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Jiang, Y, Jahagirdar, BN, Keene, CD Lund, T 2002, Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow, Nature 418(6893), pp.41 49. Kass, LR 2002, Life, liberty and the defence of dignity: The challenge for bioethics, Encounter, San Francisco. La Madeleine, B 2005, Embryonic stem cell research, J@Pan Inc (64), pp. 54 59. Penning, G Steirtghem, AV 2004, The subsidiary principle in the context of embryonic stem cell research, Hum. Reprod. 19(5), pp. 1060 1064. Steinbrook, R 2006, Egg donation and human embryonic stem cell research, N Engl J Med 354(4), pp.324 326. Leeb, CC, Jurga, MM Kenner, LL 2001, New perspectives in stem cell research: Beyond embryonic stem cells, Cell Proliferation, pp. 449 514.